James Morrison Barbour (ca. 1851-1929)

and the Barbour Brothers Microscope Slide Business (ca. 1893)

Brian Stevenson, Kentucky, USA

High quality diatom slides bearing the name “Barbour Bros.” are occasionally found in collections and at auction. The four slides shown in Figure 1 each hold one to four precisely-placed, perfect diatoms. Pre-printed labels place their production during the 1890s. Brian Bracegirdle, in Microscopical Mounts and Mounters, pointed out that the handwriting on Barbour Brothers’ slides resembles that of W.A. Firth. While there are similarities between those handwriting styles, there are also substantial differences (Figure 2). Moreover, the style of writing used by Barbour and Firth was fairly common, and can be seen on slides by several other makers (Figure 2). The solution to the question of who made the Barbour Brothers’ slides was recently unearthed in an 1893 magazine notice, which pointed to James M. Barbour as the maker of these slides. The identity of his brother(s) remains a mystery.

Figure 1. Four slides by the Barbour Brothers. Specimens are 1 to 4 precisely-located diatoms of the indicated species. The lower labels were pre-printed “189”, indicating production during the 1890s. The three different colors of printers’ ink suggest several orders for labels and an extended production run for the Barbours’ slides.

Figure 2. A Barbour Brothers’ slide and representatives of W.A. Firth and several other known and unknown slide makers, for handwriting comparisons. The labeling styles of John Day, Arthur Cottam and Laurence Miles (lower row) share many features with Barbour and Firth. Thanks to Peter Paisley for pointing out that numerous microscope slide makers used similar handwriting styles.

Other than their slides, the only record I found of the Barbour Brothers’ microscopy business was a February, 1893 notice in the American Monthly Microscopical Journal (Figure 3). The address given for the slide makers was Cromwell House, London. Censuses were taken in England every 10 years, beginning in 1841. The 1891 census recorded James M. Barbour as having lived at 6 Cromwell Terrace, otherwise known as “Cromwell House”, Kensington, London. James Barbour had a known, strong connection with microscopy: he became a member of the Quekett Microscopical Club on January 19, 1894.

Figure 3. Notice about the Barbour Brothers’ microscopy business, from the February, 1893 issue of the American Monthly Microscopical Journal. I have not located any further information on the Barbour Brothers’ business, and do not know whether a catalogue was issued. By the following year, James Barbour had moved to another location in London.

James Morrison Barbour was born in Scotland. The age he gave to census takers place his birth during 1851 or early 1852. Barbour spent several years in India during the 1880s, then moved to England. Those moves have made it difficult to trace his early years, so nothing is currently known about his family. For that reason, the other Barbour brother(s) remains unidentified.

The first identifiable records of James Barbour stem from his medical education at the University of Glasgow. In 1874, he was appointed Fever Assistant to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. He graduated in 1875 as a Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.) and a Master of Surgery (C.M.). He practiced medicine in Glasgow for the next 2-3 years, living at 146 Buccleuch St.

By early 1880, Barbour was in Bombay, India. He was elected to the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society on 14 January of that year. He also donated several books to the Society during 1880. During 1888, Barbour held the post of Medical Inspector of Seamen. Barbour probably held that or a similar position throughout his time in Bombay.

He appears to have returned to Great Britain by the end of 1888, as a letter from him to the British Medical Journal was published on 22 December, 1888, and postmarked London. On 4 December, 1890, Barbour married Emily Smith in Kensington, London. Their marriage was reported in The Lancet.

The 1891 census located James and Emily at 6 Cromwell Terrace, also known as Cromwell House, in Kensington. That couple, plus a live-in domestic servant, were the only occupants of the house. The 1893 notice regarding the Barbour Brothers’ slide making business placed it at that location. It is possible that a brother(s) lived with them, but was absent from home on census night. Alternatively, James’ business partner(s) may have lived elsewhere in London and commuted to help make slides, or may even have lived elsewhere and functioned as supplier of mounted or unmounted diatoms.

As noted above, Barbour was elected to the Quekett Microscopical Club in 1894. He was also elected to the Royal Geographical Society, in 1883, apparently as a corresponding member, since other evidence indicates that he lived in India at that time.

By January, 1894, the Barbour family had moved to 18 Nevern Road, Earl’s Court, London. The 1897 Royal Blue Book listed Barbour as being “at home” on the first and third Thursdays of each month.

The 1901 census found James and Emily living at Swiss Cottage in Swannage, Dorset. They appear not to have had any children. At census time, they were hosting Emily’s sister, Fanny, who was a sick nurse. The household also included a widowed boarder and a young servant girl. James worked at the Mendip Hills Sanatorium. At around this time, he wrote an English adaptation of treatments for tuberculosis.

The Barbours moved to Ramsey, Isle of Man, in 1903 or 1904. James served as the area’s Medical Officer of Health for many years. During his years of medical practice, Barbour contributed to numerous medical journals and books. James Barbour passed away in February, 1929, and his wife, Emily, died in November, 1937.

Comments to the author will be welcomed.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Peter Paisley and Howard Lynk for sharing their thoughts on the Barbours and for ongoing discussions on historical microscopy.

Resources

The American Monthly Microscopical Journal (1893) Vol. 14, February, page 57.

Barbour, J.M. (1879) Two cases illustrative of chyluria, Glasgow Medical Journal, Vol. 11, pages 24-27.

Barbour, J.M. (1902) Medical and surgical appliances, perineum guard, British Medical Journal, May 5, page 1092.

Barbour, J.M. (1909) Letter, British Medical Journal, Vo1. 2, page 296.

Bracegirdle, Brian (1998) Microscopical Mounts and Mounters, Quekett Microscopical Club, London.

British Medical Journal (1888) December 22, page 1424.

British Medical Journal (1902) A pocket sputum flask, February 22, page 465.

The India List Civil and Military (1888) W.H. Allen, London, page 170.

Isle of Man Examiner Annual (1908) Town and Village Commissioners of Ramsey.

Isle of Man Examiner Annual (1918) Medical practitioners in Isle of Man, and Town and Village Commissioners of Ramsey.

Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (1880), Vol. 14, pages lv, lix-lx lxiv and lxviii.

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club (1894) Second Series, Vol. 5, page 382.

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club (1895) Second Series, Vol. 6, page iii (list of members).

Knopf, S.A. (1899) Tuberculosis as a Disease of the Masses, and How to Combat it, adapted for use in England by J.M. Barbour, Rebman, London.

Lancet (1890) Vol. 2, page 1309.

Maclean, James Mackenzie (1889) A Guide to Bombay, Historical, Statistical and Descriptive, page 19.

The Manx Lawsons & Related Families, Burials, Babb to Bardwell, http://www.lawsons.ca/burials/ba_01.html

Manx Year Book (1914) Manx motor cars, owners, numbers and H.P.

Medical Bibliography for 1877, page 852 (address of J.M. Barbour).

Medical Help on Birth Control (1928) Putnam, London.

The Medical Press (1874), Appointments, New Series, Vol. 18, November 25, page 473.

Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society (1883) Vol. 5, page 296.

Register of Members of the General Council of the University of Glasgow (1926)

Royal Blue Book: Fashionable Directory and Parliamentary Guide (1897) page 568.

Service, John (1876) Cases of abortion in enteric fever, Glasgow Medical Journal, Vol. 8, pages 495-497.

University of Glasgow alumni records for James Morrison Barbour, http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH8130&type=P

Vital statistics of England, Scotland and the Isle of Man, accessed through www.ancestry.co.uk.

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