Ernest Hinton, 1853-1909

Brian Stevenson, Kentucky, USA

Ernest Hinton was a full-time, professional microscope slide preparer, working from 1864 through the turn of the century. His high quality mounts are readily identified by his small, neat handwriting (Figure 1). Hinton was reported to have made a large proportion of Edmund Wheeler’s output of slides, which is probably true. After Wheeler’s retirement, Hinton sold his wares from his own shop and through the C. Baker microscopy company (Figure 1). Hinton’s personal life was full of tragedy: his father died when Ernest was young, forcing the family into poverty and Ernest to early labor, his wife died while still young, and Ernest himself died a painful death from cancer.

Figure 1. Examples of microscope slides made by Ernest Hinton, with his own labels (top row) and those of Baker (bottom row). Two identical mounts of Barbados polycistina floating in fluid are shown, one with each type of label. Hinton exhibited a slide of the head of a gall fly (Tryptera chrysanthemi) to the Royal Microscopical Society in 1897 (top row, second from left). A magnified view of the arranged strfish spines is shown in Figure 5, at the end of this essay.

Ernest Hinton was born during the summer of 1853, the second (and last) child of George and Sarah Hinton. George was an artist, as was also his father. The workmanship of Ernest’s microscopical mounts indicates that the family tradition was passed on to him. George described himself as a “gilder and bronzer” for the 1851 census, as a worker in a “fancy repository” for the 1861 census, and as an “artist” on his 1845 marriage record. The Hinton’s were moderately well-off, recorded as employing a live-in house servant on both the 1851 and 1861 censuses. During 1851, the family lived in a private home at 10 Camford Terrace, St Pancras, Middlesex, and in 1861 at 14 High Street, Hampstead, Middlesex.

Life changed dramatically when Ernest’s father died in February, 1864. The 1871 and 1881 censuses report Ernest and his mother, Sarah, sharing houses with other families. There were no servants. Sarah went to work, in 1871 being reported to be a “machinist”. 11-year old Ernest dropped out of school, and also go to work. Ernest’s later advertisements stated that he worked for Edmund Wheeler for 20 years. Wheeler sold his business in 1884, just before his death. That indicates that Hinton began working for Wheeler right after his father’s death. At that time, the Hintons lived at 42 Grafton Rd, an 8 minute walk from Wheeler’s home and business at 48 Tollington Rd. Hinton’s artistic background may have be particularly attractive to Wheeler, inducing him to hire the young orphan. It is unclear whether or not Wheeler would have known the Hintons socially. Wheeler was a Quaker (Society of Friends), as was also his other known employee, nephew Frederick Enock. George and Sarah Hinton were married at St. Paul’s, Canonbury, following Anglican rites. At some point between 1871 and 1881, Ernest and his mother moved to 12 Vorley Rd., a 4-5 minute walk to work at Wheeler’s shop. In 1881, the Hintons shared this house with an unrelated couple, John and Isabella Laurence, from Chester. Ernest remained at that house for most of the remainder of his life, although eventually without co-tenants. Edmund Wheeler’s retirement in 1884, and the resulting change in Ernest Hinton’s position from assistant to business owner undoubtedly improved his financial status.

In 1882, Ernest married Clara Moir. Census records and Clara’s death record indicate that the couple lived with Ernest’s mother, Sarah, at 12 Vorley Rd. Two years after their marriage, Clara was diagnosed with breast cancer. She died 5 years later, in November, 1889. Ernest and Clara did not have any children.

I did not find any advertisements or other mentions of Hinton as a microscopist prior to late 1884, suggesting that he worked with Wheeler until the employer closed his business. Almost immediately after Wheeler’s retirement, large advertisements from Hinton appeared regularly in Science-Gossip and other popular magazines (Figure 2). Hinton’s 20 years of experience working with Wheeler was stressed, even long after the old man was dead, attesting to Wheeler’s enduring reputation for quality workmanship.

Figure 2. Advertisements from Ernest Hinton that appeared in Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip during 1885 (upper) and 1892 (lower).

Hinton quickly established a working relationship with Lord Sidney Godolphin Osborne, a noted microscopist. Osborne had invented a condenser that could be attached to the stage of any microscope, to enhance illumination when viewing diatoms. Osborne called his devise the “Diatomescope” (Figure 3). This device was distinct from a portable, hand-held diatom-viewer to which he gave the same name (see Giordano’s Singular Beauty, page 59, for a picture of that device). Of the stage-mounted Diatomescope, Osborne wrote:

“I have now, for a very long time, worked patiently in an endeavour to procure the means of viewing these objects by oblique light. I possess many of the modern inventions for the purpose ; with all I could get much good result; but I yet failed with them to arrive at my chief aim—to possess means of a simple character, easy to use, capable of being put into the market at small cost, which should give with all "powers," from 1 in. to 1/4in., a perfect black background, the objects under observation brilliantly illuminated.

I have now done this, and the rough models made by my own hands have been seen in use by some well-skilled observers, who have all admitted that my purpose has been fully achieved.

The instrument is applicable to the stage of any stand which has the usual lateral and vertical movements, and if there is a clamp to keep the slides in situ, nothing more is wanted; failing the existence of a clamp, two small pegs fixed to the instrument to drop into two holes in the sides of the stage, will answer equally well. If, as in some of the small stands, the aperture in the stage is circular, no clamp is necessary, as the instrument can be set in a piece of tubing to drop into this, with a narrow thin flange to prevent its falling through.

In whatever way it is applied to the stage the method of use is very simple. The stage being set central, the diatomescope is either laid on it, or, as above, dropped into it; it is well to have a pilot slide. I always use "the Orthosiron." Place this in the springs, focus the mirror so as to throw light through the slide; with very little manipulation of stage and mirror you will find there is a position of the field in which, with 1 in. power, the centre of the stage has the objects illuminated on dark ground. A very little practice will effect this. You can now change for any object of the class you wish, not moving either mirror or stage; but you will find that if you now put on, say, a 1/2 in. objective, you may have to move the stage a very little to get the full effect; you will also find that, by using lateral movement only, you will get with the high powers at the edge of the dark field a pearl-coloured light, giving most beautiful definition.”

Osborne and Hinton formed a partnership, with Hinton making and selling Osborne’s invention. Osborne wrote in The English Mechanic and World of Science, in 1884, “I therefore have gladly availed myself of the offer of Mr. Ernest Hinton, of 45 (sic), Vorley-road, Upper Holloway, who has had much experience in connection with the mounting of diatoms, to aid me in getting the little apparatus accurately made; he came down to me and saw it in operation, and I carefully made him models to work from; I am thoroughly satisfied with the one he has sent me as I sample of his work, and feel I can safely leave it in his hands to supply them to any purchasers. I have told him I shall with pleasure test any he may wish; but I have no fear that this will be necessary.”

Figure 3. Schematic cross-section of Lord S.G. Osborne’s “Diatomescope”, which was manufactured and sold by Ernest Hinton. Osborne described his invention in the November 21, 1884 issue of English Mechanic and World of Science: “The optical arrangement consists of two piano convex lenses, F and G - F being mounted in the metal disc D, so that its axis B is laterally excentrical in relation to the axis A of the lens G. G is fixed in the centre of the brass plate, which lies on the stage of the microscope. The plate C has a circular central opening corresponding with the diameter of G, and appears to have been inserted to regulate the distance between the lenses. The diaphragm plate E, having a square opening 1/32 in., slides laterally in grooves on the disc D, between the lenses, so that a pencil of light, striking the carved face of F suitably, is refracted through the small aperture in the diaphragm plate E on to the lens G, where it undergoes further refraction, and emerges from the plane face at an angle of 60°, or more, in air, according to the obliquity of the first incidence and the position of the sliding diaphragm. The slide to be examined is placed fiat on the surface of the brass plate, with or without immersion contact with the plane face of G, two spring-clips holding it in place. D, C and the brass plate are connected together by the screws Y Y; these screws, however, are not really inserted where figured, but in a diameter passing through A, at right angles to the section shown.”

The editors of Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip quickly took note of Hinton’s production and sales of the Diatomescope, although they initially mistook it for Osborne’s hand-held device. This was immediately corrected, and expanded upon thusly: “The Diatomescope. — We are sorry that another and a quite different instrument was last month noticed under this name. The Diatomescope is constructed by Mr. E. Hinton, and our readers will find a full account of it in the ‘English Mechanic’ for August 22nd. It is a beautifully finished and ingenious adjunct to the microscope, being a kind of supplementary stage, which can be instantly placed on the ordinary stage. In the centre is inserted a powerful lens, so that the reflected light from the mirror beneath passes through it, and produces an exquisite side illumination of the objects viewed. In this manner the dots or striae of diatom, &c. are brought out with remarkable distinctness. Mr. Hinton has conferred a favour on microscopists by bringing out this cheap and effective auxiliary.” In addition, Henri van Heurck and George W. Royston-Piggott, two of the most prestigious diatomists of the period, wrote favorably in The English Mechanic on the Osborne-Hinton Diatomescope.

Royston-Piggott also praised Ernest Hinton’s microscope slides, in particular, his mounts of diatoms and of butterfly scales. Royston-Piggott was especially interested in microscopic resolution of the tiniest features of such objects. As an example of Royston-Piggott’s enthusiasm for Hinton’s diatom mounts, in 1886, he wrote, “A few days ago a friend brought an old, but very good, Powell and Lealand 1-12th dry lens. We tried it on the Amphitetras ornata, and we could both make out nothing at all; we were both astounded. The best P. and L. 1/8 showed everything superbly; this diatom, mounted by Hinton, can be strongly recommended”. In 1888, he wrote in the English Mechanic and World of Science, “Mr. Hinton, Vorley-road, Holloway, has sent me some most beautifully clear mounts, dry, of the following scales, showing large villi: - Zygoena, Clipendube, athmenthae, coronillae, lavendulae, transalpae, meliloti, trigonillae, medura.” The Wesley Naturalist wrote that same year, “Butterfly Dust and Villi: The use of improved lenses, new mounting media, and careful illumination, is yielding excellent results even where we should hardly have expected to make any further advances upon the stock of information already obtained. In the English Mechanic for September 30th we have an illustration of this statement which deserves a passing note. Dr. Royston-Piggott. M.A., has for some time past been engaged in the study of the scales of insects, and by the use of castor oil has been able to produce slides (which Mr. Hinton, of 12, Vorley Road, Upper Holloway, is mounting, in excellent style, by the Doctor's instructions, for popular use), shewing that the scales of the Burnet and other moths are clothed with ‘villi’ or minute appendages and beads, which form admirable tests for high powers, while they further illustrate the marvellous details of structure in humble forms of life.” In 1887, Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip reported that “In the English Mechanic of September 30th is a remarkable article by Dr. Royston Pigott, on ‘Butterfly Dust, Villi, and Beads.’ The detection of villi in butterfly dust is a new departure in microscopical work. Mr. Ernest Hinton, of 12 Vorley Road, Upper Holloway, has brought out a capital preparation of the scales of a moth (Zygtena trigonilid) which illustrates the above paper on villi in a remarkable manner. All microscopists will be interested in the subject on account of its high importance.”

In a footnote to one of his 1886 papers on diatom resolution, Royston-Piggott wrote the following footnote: “Hinton did nearly all the mounting for Wheeler, and his address is Vorley-road, Holloway. He lived with him 20 years, from 11 years of age, I have never seen Hinton's preparations surpassed.” Brian Bracegirdle noted this statement when he described Ernest Hinton in Microscopical Mounts and Mounters. Since Edmund Wheeler is known to have also employed his nephew, Frederick Enock, the statement cannot be completely true. However, Enock specialized in mounting insects and other arthropods. Published descriptions of Hinton’s slides and extant mounts indicate that he was much more of a generalist, preparing slides of diatoms, butterfly scales, arthropods and aquatic life, plus anatomical and botanical specimens. Wheeler probably made very few of the slides he sold during his later years. Wheeler’s primary profession throughout his life was public lecturing, according to his statements to census takers. Indeed, if census nights can be assumed to be random samples, then Wheeler was rarely at home. Censuses were taken in England every 10 years: On census night 1851, Wheeler was at a boarding house adjacent to the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital, and in 1881 he was at the Polam Girls School in Durham. An 1864 report in the Transactions of the Microscopical Society of London noted that Wheeler’s microscope slides were “prepared and mounted by himself and the other members of his own family, his sons and his daughters.” By 1871, one of Wheeler’s daughters had died, and the other daughter and his son were living in Brighton. Thus, Royston-Piggott’s comment was probably mostly correct, with Edmund Wheeler making some slides, Fred Enock making a large number of the firm’s insect slides, and Ernest Hinton producing the lion’s share of the rest of the Wheeler output.

As noted above, Hinton began advertising his microscope slides and Osborne’s Diatomescope as soon as the Wheeler business was closed. Hinton also cleverly sent examples of his slides to editors of popular science magazines such as Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip. In 1885, that magazine wrote, “Type Slide of Blood. - Mr. Ernest Hinton also sends a slide, showing in one mount the blood corpuscles of man, frog, bird, fish and snake, a very compact and instructive method of showing the differences of type in the several kinds of blood belonging to these different classes of vertebrate.” In 1886, “New Slides - We have been favoured with an admirably mounted set of slides, of Trichina spiralis, by Mr. Ernest Hinton. No. 1 shows male and female; No. 2, the worm imbedded in the muscle; No. 3, ditto (larva) dissected from muscle, and freed from surrounding material; No. 4, Trichina in capsules; and No. 5, ditto calcined in the muscle. All of them are of the highest use both to teacher and student”, and “New Slides - We have received an admirably mounted and most instructive slide from Mr. E. Hinton, 12 Vorley Road, Upper Holloway, showing vertical section of an entire foetal mouse, in which are all the principal organs and structures, eye, ear, brain, vertebrae, heart, lungs, kidney, spleen, intestines, etc. It is impossible for a young biologist to work at a more profitable slide”. In 1887, “New Slides - We have received an admirably mounted and most interesting slide from Mr. Ernest Hinton, 12, Vorley Road, Upper Holloway, of a desmid [Botryococcus Braunii), in conjugation” and “Ova of the Hermit Crab - Mr. E. Hinton has sent us a most interesting slide of the ova of the hermit crab, showing the filaments which unite the eggs together like a bunch of grapes, and all of them to the abdominal segments of the female crab”. Hinton continued to send free slides to Science-Gossip through 1891, resulting in 2-4 free advertisements per year in that magazine.

The Pharmaceutical Journal reported in 1897 that “Better mounted objects than those prepared by Mr. Ernest Hinton are hardly conceivable, assuming that the specimens he has submitted for examination fairly represent his stock, as no doubt they do. The slides we have examined are: Ovary of Tulip, T.S. (note: transverse section); Stem of Black Poplar, T.S.; Stem of Scotch Fir, T.S.; Compound Spiral Vessels (Banana); Petiole of Curled Dock, T.S.; Cystoliths In Leaf of Ficus. Most of the specimens are double stained, the stains being clear and definite, thus assisting the student rather than confusing him, as is sometimes the case. Special sets of a dozen or more slides can be supplied to meet the requirements of pharmaceutical students. The slides are specially prepared for educational purposes, and students cannot do better than procure sets to illustrate typical structures. For, whilst it is useless to expect to acquire a satisfactory practical acquaintance with the details of vegetable histology by the mere study of mounted objects not prepared by one's self, the value for reference purposes of authentic and carefully prepared type specimens such as these is very great. In addition to supplying educational and other slides, Mr. Hinton is prepared to mount specimens to order from an investigator's own material. Price lists and further particulars will be furnished on application to 12, Vorley Road, Upper Holloway, London, N.”

Hinton is recorded as having taken advantage of other opportunities to show off his work. He exhibited “a good display of Histological, Botanical, and Pathological Slides” at the 1886 Annual Meeting of the British Medical Association, in Brighton. That meeting’s proceedings also noted that “Mr. Ernest Hinton (12, Vorley Road, Upper Holloway, N.) showed a Student’s Microscope, “the Diamond,” and a Case of Preparations for the Microscope.” I have not discovered whether the microscope was made by Hinton, or if it was made by someone else and present simply to allow viewing of his microscope slides. Wheeler made lenses and sold microscopes and telescopes, so it is possible that Hinton learned that trade from his master, too.

An 1897 presentation to the Royal Microscopical Society was described thusly: “The President said he regretted there was nothing else upon the Agenda paper for the evening, excepting an exhibition of a number of very excellent specimens of injections and other objects by Mr. Ernest Hinton. These were shown under the Microscopes upon the tables, and would, no doubt, be inspected by the Fellows present with great pleasure and interest. He thought that the descriptive labels beside each instrument would render any further description unnecessary to those who saw the objects; but he felt that their thanks were due to Mr. Hinton for bringing them for exhibition. He therefore moved ‘ that a very hearty vote of thanks be given to Mr. Ernest Hinton, for affording this opportunity of examining these preparations’. The motion was then put from the chair, and carried unanimously. The meeting then resolved itself into a Conversazione, at which the following objects were exhibited: Mr. Ernest Hinton: - Feet of Toad (two preparations). Foot of Frog. Upper jaw of Toad. Under jaw of Toad. Surface of stomach of Toad injected with chrome. Ditto, ditto, injected with carmine. Surface of small intestine of Toad injected with chrome. Ditto, ditto, injected with carmine. Surface of skin of Toad from belly and back. Surface of human skin. Ova of Frog. Lung of Python injected with chrome. Ditto, ditto, injected with carmine. Large intestine of Python. Small intestine of Python injected with chrome. Ditto, ditto, injected with carmine. Small intestine of Grass Snake injected with chrome. Ditto, ditto, injected with carmine. Small intestine of Goat. Ditto of Lynx. Ditto of Emu. Large intestine of Emu. Leaf of Drosera rolundifolia' showing captured insect. Heads of Chrygop relictus, Haemalopola pluvialit, Palloptera pulchella, Tryptera chrysanthemi, Tryptera reticulata, prepared without pressure, to show the eyes in their natural brilliant colours.” These would undoubtedly have been representative of Hinton’s productions at the time. It might also be expected that he carried duplicate slides to the demonstration, for sale to attendees. Note that Figure 1 of this essay (above) includes one such slide, labeled “Head of a Gall Fly from Chrysanthemum prepared to show the brilliant Eyes Tryptera Chrysanthemi”.

The Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers (the guild of opticians) put on a major show, The Exhibition of Optical, Mathematical, and Scientific Instruments, in London during October, 1898. Ernest Hinton displayed preparations for the microscope. A report on that exhibition also provides insight into the “optician” trade of 1800s England: “At the time when the Company was granted its Royal Charter, in 1629, spectacles were practically the only optical instruments dealt in, and the comparatively few makers and sellers were all connected with the Guild. As science progressed, and the demand for other optical and philosophical instruments increased, the spectacle maker ceased to confine his trade to that one article, and became the general optician, while from the fact that spectacles are so generally in demand they became ordinary articles of commerce, and their sale extended to trades totally unconnected with optics”.

Hinton continued to advertise and exhibit his production until near the time of his death. In 1905, he presented at the Annual Meeting and Conversazione of the Selbourne Society.

Such was Hinton’s reputation as a slide preparer that his works could be found throughout the world during his lifetime. On December 13, 1886, the Royal Society of New South Wales (Australia) exhibited “Several slides from Hinton (London) of those diatoms described by Dr. Royston Pigott in the ‘E. Mechanic’’.

Ernest Hinton joined the Quekett Microscopical Club on January 18, 1895. That year, and probably during subsequent years, he donated several of his slides to the Club’s cabinet. He remained a member of Quekett until at least 1906. On October 16, 1896, a new microscope lamp produced by Hinton was exhibited to the Club by William Goodwin, its inventor (Figure 4). Several popular science magazines, including The English Mechanic and The American Monthly Microscopical Journal picked up on the lamp: “This excellent lamp, which combines portability with great efficiency, was designed and exhibited at the meeting of the Quekett Microscopical Club, on the 16th of last October, by Mr. W. Goodwin, a member of the club. The lamp which is nickel-plated, is 2 1/8 in. in diameter 6 ½ in. in height, and weighs about 3 oz. A glance at the figure shows that it has a metal chimney with two openings: this makes it available for the illumination of two microscopes at the same time. The burner takes a ½ in. wick, which yields sufficient light for an amplification of 2,000 diameters when a suitable condenser is used. The glasses are optically worked, one being tinted steel blue, the other signal-green; if, however, untinted light is desired, circles of thin cover glass may be used instead. These, if carefully selected, will stand the heat of the flame without cracking. The lamp is so small that it can easily be packed in the same case with the microscope, thus dispensing with an extra box. The price of the lamp is about 12s., and it is made by Mr. H. Hinton, 12 Vorley-road, Upper Holloway, N”.

Figure 4. Illustration of the Goodwin microscope lamp, as manufactured by Ernest Hinton. The lamp has two openings to emit light, fitted with either a blue or green glass. Adapted from the Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 1896.

Ernest’s wife, Clara, died November 18, 1889, from “exhaustion” following 5 years of suffering from breast cancer. His mother, who had continued to live with Ernest, died in 1893. During 1905 or 1906, Ernest moved from 12 Vorley Rd. to 11 Cornwallis Ave., Lower Edmonton, London. Ernest Hinton died there on October 10, 1909, from “perforation of intestines due to cancer”. The Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club wrote “The Secretary said he regretted to have to announce the death of Mr. E. Hinton on October 10^th under very painful circumstances. Mr. Hinton had been a frequent attendant at their meetings and was well known to many of the members. An expression of regret and sympathy was sent from the meeting to the relatives of the deceased”.

In summary, Ernest Hinton was a widely known and respected commercial preparer of specimens for the microscope. He also manufactured and sold microscope accessories, such as Goodwin’s lamp and Osborne’s diatomescope. He may also have produced microscopes. Hinton worked for Edmund Wheeler for 20 years, and produced a large percentage of the slides sold under Wheeler’s name.

Figure 5. Detail of arranged spines of starfish, by Ernest Hinton (see Figure 1, above).

Comments to the author will be welcomed.

Author’s Note: This and other illustrated biographies of historical microscopists can also be read at http://microscopist.net

Resources:

The American Monthly Microscopical Journal (1897) A new microscope lamp, Vol. 18, pages 128-129

Bracegirdle, Brian (1998) Microscopical Mounts and Mounters, Quekett Microscopical Club, London

The British Medical Journal (1886) Sept. 4, pages 453-462

Death record of Clara Hinton (1889)

Death record of Ernest Hinton (1909)

England census, birth, marriage and death records, accessed through ancestry.co.uk

English Mechanic and World of Science (1884) The Diatomescope, Vol 39, page 561

English Mechanic and World of Science (1884) The Diatomescope, Vol 40, pages 18, 180-181, and 263-264

Giordano, Raymond V. (2006) Singular Beauty: Simple Microscopes from the Giordano Collection

Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip (1884) The Diatomescope, Vol. 20, pages 257 and 276-277

Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip (1885) Vol. 21, pages 42, 139 and ii

Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip (1886) Vol. 22, pages 67 and 139

Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip (1887) Vol. 23, pages 15-16, 187 and 259

Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip (1888) Vol. 24, pages 163 and 234

Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip (1889) Vol. 25, pages 43, 114, 168 and 211

Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip (1890) Vol. 26, pages 41, 163 and 280

Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip (1892) Vol. 28, page xvii

John’s Family Tree, http://www.tree.me.uk/TNG/getperson.php?personID=I1079&tree=Tree and related links, accessed June, 2010

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales (1887) Vol 20, page 337

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club (1895) New Series, Vol. 6, pages 53 and 218

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club (1896) A portable microscope lamp, New Series, Vol. 6, pages 345

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club (1904) List of members, New Series, Vol. 9

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club (1906) List of members, New Series, Vol. 9

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club (1910) New Series, Vol. 11, page 33

Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (1897) pages 259-260

Marriage record of Joseph George Hinton and Sarah Maria Blackmore (1845) Parish records of St. Paul, Canonbury, Islington

Nature (1897) Diary of Societies, Vol. 56, page 48

Nature Notes: The Selbourne Society’s Magazine (1905) The annual meeting and conversazione, Vol. 16, page 101

Pharmaceutical Journal (1897) Microscopic objects for students, Vol. 57, page 246

Pharmaceutical Journal (1898) Exhibition of optical, mathematical and scientific instruments, Vol. 57, page 246

Royston-Piggott, George W. (1886) Microscopical advances, English Mechanic and World of Science Vol 43, pages 203-204

Royston-Piggott, George W. (1886) Microscopical advances, English Mechanic and World of Science Vol 43, page 402a

Royston-Piggott, George W. (1886) Microscopical advances - XXXVI, Researches in high-power definition – attenuated lines, circles and dots, English Mechanic and World of Science Vol 47, page 226

The Wesley Naturalist (1888) Butterfly dust and villi, Vol. 1, page 273

Royston-Piggott, George W. (1888) The villi and beading discovered on butterfly and moth scales, The Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science, Vol. 7, pages 167-169

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